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With advances in abrasive technology, machining center operators can complete surface finishing simultaneously with other machining operations to speed cycle times, improve quality and save on offline finishing time and costs. As a result, contract machine shops are increasingly turning to abrasive finishing tools that can be integrated easily into CNC machine carousels or toolholding systems. However, in doing so, questions can arise about the use of abrasive materials in expensive CNC machining centers. The concern is often a generalized impression that these abrasives act like sandpaper and release large amounts of grit and debris that could potentially clog coolant lines or damage exposed slides or bearings. "These are very expensive, very accurate machines," says Janos Garaczi, president of Delta Machine Co. LLC, a machine shop located in Gardena, California, that specializes in complex, tight-tolerance parts made of titanium, nickel alloys, stainless steel, aluminum, plastics and other exotic alloys. "I would not do anything to jeopardize the accuracy or lifespan of the equipment." A closer examination of abrasive tools demonstrates that these concerns are largely unfounded. Although abrasives are often lumped into the same category, a distinction must be made between abrasives used for aggressive material removal and abrasive finishing tools. According to Brush Research Manufacturing, which is based in Los Angeles, finishing tools release little to no abrasive grit during use, and the amount generated is comparable to the metal chips, grinding dust and tool abrasion created during the machining process itself. Even if minimal fine solids are produced, the filtration requirements for abrasive tools are not much different than those for machining. Any particulate can be easily removed using inexpensive bag or cartridge filtration systems, says Jeff Brooks of Filtra Systems, a company specializing in industrial filtration systems, including those for CNC coolant. "A disposable media vacuum filter or pressure filter is the most cost-effective option for the end user for filtration that will achieve the high clarity levels required," Mr. Brooks says. "For fine honing work, I would recommend a 20-micron bag or cartridge filter, at minimum, to catch any fine solids and adequately protect the tool, the sump pump and keep the coolant ports from clogging," says Chris Erato, director of sales at Oberlin Filter, a manufacturer of separation filtration for CNC coolant systems. According to Tim Urano, quality manager at Wolfram Manufacturing, based in Austin, Texas, any additional cost for filtration related to the use of abrasive tools is negligible because filtration systems are already required to remove particulate from the coolant generated during the machining process itself. At his shop, that includes scale, grit and rust created by cutting through raw stock. Wolfram Manufacturing is also machining 3D parts made of Inconel, which can release fine metal powder into the coolant that is not fully sintered. As for abrasive tools, Mr. Urano says that Wolfram Manufacturing has never experienced any problems caused by abrasives in its cutting fluids. For the past eight years, the machine shop has incorporated the Flex-Hone from Brush Research Manufacturing in all of its CNC machines used for cross-hole deburring and surface finishing. Characterized by the small, abrasive globules that are permanently mounted to flexible filaments, the product is a flexible, low-cost tool used for surfacing, deburring and edge-blending. Removal of burrs and sharp edges in cross-drilled holes and other difficult-to-access areas such as undercuts, grooves, slots and internal holes is critical because they can cause blockages or create turbulence in the flow of fluids, lubricants and gases through critical passages. "On a given part, we might deploy two to three different size Flex-Hones, depending on the number of cross-port intersections and different hole sizes," Mr. Urano says. The Flex-Hones are added to the tool carousel and are used daily, usually several times an hour, on some of the shop's highest-volume parts. "The volume of abrasives that could even possibly come off of the Flex-Hone is insignificant compared to the rest of the particulate that gets into the coolant," Mr. Urano says. At Delta Machine, automated crosshole deburring is also integrated into the CNC machining process. "When you use the Flex-Hone for deburring, all you are doing is removing the burr. It does not create much dust," Mr. Garaczi says. "So, for me, any grit or dust released is zero concern. It is not like we are grinding inside the machine with powder everywhere - this is not the same at all." For Eric Sun, founder of Orange Vise Co. LLC in Orange County, California, even cutting tools such as carbide drills and end mills can create debris that must be filtered from the coolant. "Some machine shops might say, 'I do not use any abrasives in my process; therefore, my machine is completely free of all particulate matter,' but that is not the case. Even cutting tools can wear down and the carbide can come loose and get into the coolant," Mr. Sun says. Although Orange Vise is a contract manufacturer, the company primarily machines vises and quick-change fixturing components out of aluminum, steel and cast iron. The company uses four Mori Seiki NHX4000 high-speed horizontal machining centers and two vertical machining centers. According to Mr. Sun, many of the vises are made of cast iron with selectively hardened surfaces. To match the surface finish of the hardened surfaces, Orange Vise uses Brush Research Manufacturing's NamPower abrasive disc brushes. Composed of flexible abrasive nylon filaments bonded to a fiber-reinforced thermoplastic base, the NamPower abrasive disc brushes contain a unique combination of both ceramic and silicon carbide abrasive. The abrasive filaments work like flexible files, conforming to part contours, wiping and filing across part edges and surfaces to deliver maximum burr removal rates along with an ideal surface finish. Other common uses are edge blending, part cleaning and rust removal. To complete the surface finishing operation, abrasive nylon brushes are installed in the tool loading system of each CNC machine. Although abrasive grit is involved, Mr. Sun says the NamPower brush is a different type of abrasive because it is essentially self-sharpening. "We have used the NamPower abrasive nylon brushes daily for six years. During that time, we have had no issues with any sort of particulate or grit getting onto any critical surfaces," Mr. Sun adds. "In our experience, any small amount of grit created is a non-issue."